Obyek-Obyek Ideofak dari Situs Kota Cina: Refleksi Kehidupan Religi Penghuninya
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Jan 5, 2018
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Keywords:
ideofak, Kota Cina, religi, penghuni
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Abstract
Abstract
The variety of aspects of life of the people settling in the Kota Cina in the past is reflected through the archaeological data gathered through a number of observations and people findings. One of the aspects revealed is the religious aspect. The existing diverged ideofac indicates the diversified religius background as well as the people. The Hindus (Siva and VaisnavaI, Buddhists, and Animists coexisted in harmony in the Kota Cina in its heydey as an international port.
Abstak
Ragam aspek kehidupan manusia pendukung peradaban Kota Cina di masa lalu tercermin pada data arkeologis yang dihimpun melalui sejumlah penelitian dan temuan masyarakat. Salah satu aspek yang terungkap adalah kehidupan religinya. Keragaman ideofak yang ada mencerminkan keragaman latar belakang religinya, sekaligus asal pendukung budayanya. Penganut Hindu (Śaiwa dan Waiṣṇawa), Buddha, dan penganut animisme hidup berdampingan di Kota Cina pada masa jayanya dahulu sebagai suatu bandar internasional.
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Soedewo, Ery. 2018. “Obyek-Obyek Ideofak Dari Situs Kota Cina: Refleksi Kehidupan Religi Penghuninya”. Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 15 (1). Medan, Indonesia, 81-98. https://doi.org/10.24832/bas.v15i1.138.
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Wibisono, Sonny. 1981. Tembikar Kota Cina: Sebuah analisis hasil penggalian tahun 1979 di Sumatera Utara. Skripsi pada Universitas Indonesia Jakarta.
Wolters, O.W. 1967. Early Indonesian Commerce: a study on the Origin of Srivijaya. Ithaca: Cornell Unioversity Press.
Anderson, Jhon. 1826. Mission to the East Coast of Sumatera in 1823. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood/London, T. Cadell Strand.
Berutu, Tandak. 2007. “Upacara Adat pada Masyarakat Pakpak Dairi.” Lister Berutu dan Nurbani Padang (ed.) Tradisi dan Perubahan: 7 – 35. Medan: Grasindo Monoratama.
Byrne, P. 1988. “Religion and the Religions.” Clarke, P. And Sutherland, S. (eds), The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religions: pp. 3–28. London: Routledge.
Cladis, M.S. 2001. “Introduction.” Durkheim, E. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life: pp. vii–xxxv. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Durkheim, E. 2001. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Groeneveldt, W.P. 1960. Historical Notes on Indonesia and Malaya Compiled from Chinese Sources. Jakarta: C.V. Bharata.
Guillot, Claude, dll. 2008. Barus Seribu Tahun Yang Lalu. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Hewison, R. 1987. The Heritage Industry. London: Methuen.
Insoll, Timothy. 2004. Archaeology, Ritual, Religion. London & New York: Routledge.
Kévonian, Kéram. 2002. “Suatu Catatan Perjalanan di Laut Cina Dalam Bahasa Armenia.” Lobu Tua Sejarah Awal Barus (Claude Guillot, ed). Jakarta: École française d’Extrême-Orient, Association Archipel, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi, dan Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Koentjaraningrat. 1993. Ritus Peralihan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Kozok, Uli. 1999. Warisan Leluhur Sastra Lama dan Aksara Batak. Jakarta: École française d’Extrême-Orient & Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Mc Kinnon. E. Edwards. 1973. “Kota Cina: a site with Tang and sung Period Assosiation: Some Preliminary Notes.” Berita Kadjian Sumatera 3 (1) Singapore.
-----------------. 1976. Research to the desposition of ceramic sites in North Sumatera. Singapore: The South-East Asia Ceramic Society.
-----------------. 1978. A Notes on Aru and Kota Cina, Indonesia.
Mc Kinnon, E. Edwards and Tengku Lukman Sinar. 1973. “Kota Tjina: Notes on Further Developments.” Berita Kadjian Sumatera 4 (1) Singapore.
McKinnon, Edmund Edwards. 1984. Kota Cina: Its Context and Meaning in The Trade of Southeast Asian in The Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries. Thesis for Ph.D. in Cornell University.
------------------. 1993/1994. “Arca-Arca Tamil di Kota Cina.” Saraswati Esai-Esai Arkeologi 2, Kalpataru Majalah Arkeologi No. 2: 53-79.
------------------. 2009. “Ceramics, Cloth, Iron and Salt: Coastal Hinterland Interaction in The Karo Region of Northern Sumatra.” From Distance Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in The Highlands of Sumatra, Dominic Bonatz, John Miksic, J. David Neidel, Mai Lin Thoa-Bonatz (ed). New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Miksic, J.N. 1979. Archaeology, Trade and Society in Northeast Sumatra. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Munoz, Paul Michel. 2006. Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet Pte. Ltd.
Parkin, Harry. 1978. Batak Fruit of Hindu Thought. Mandras: The Christian Literature Society.
Perret, Daniel & Heddy Surachman (ed.). 2009. Histoire De Barus III Regards Sur Une Place Marchande De I’Ocean Indien (Xlle-milieu du XVIIe s.). Paris: Cahier d’ Archipel 38.
Perret, Daniel. 2010. Kolonialisme dan Etnitas Batak dan Melayu di Sumatera Timur Laut. Jakarta: Kepustakaan populer Gramedia.
Rao, T.A. Gopinatha. 1971 a. Elements of Hindu Iconography Vol. I Part I. Delhi: Indological Book House.
------------------. 1971 b. Elements of Hindu Iconography Vol. I Part II. Delhi: Indological Book House.
Sartono, S. 1984. “Emas di Sumatera Kala Purba.” Berkala Arkeologi Amerta No. 8. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional.
Setianingsih, Rita Margaretha. 2005. Prasasti dan Bentuk Pertulisan Lain di Wilayah Kerja Balai Arkeologi Medan, Berita Penelitian Arkeologi No. 10. Medan: Balai Arkeologi Medan.
Siahaan, E. K, dkk. 1977/1978. Survei Monograpi Kebudayaan Pakpak Dairi di Kabupaten Dairi. Medan: Proyek Rehabilitasi dan Perluasan Museum Sumatera Utara Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.
Sinuhaji, Tolen dan Hasanuddin. 1999/2000. Batu Pertulanen di Kabupaten Pakpak Dairi. Medan: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Museum Negeri Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
Soekmono. 1977. Candi, Fungsi dan Pengertiannya. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan dan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Subbarayalu, Y. 2002. “Prasasati Perkumpulan Pedagang Tamil di Barus Suatu Peninjauan Kembali.” Lobu Tua Sejarah Awal Barus, Claude Guillot (ed.): 17-26. Jakarta: École française d’Extrême-Orient, Association Archipel, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi, dan Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
-----------------. 2009. “A Trade Guild Tamil Inscription at Neusu, Aceh.” Daniel Perret & Hendy Surachman (ed.) Histoire De Varus III Regards Sur Une Place Merchande De I’Ocean Indien (Xlle-milieu du XVIIe s.): 529-32. Paris: Association Archipel & École française d’Extrême-Orient.
Suleiman, Satyawati, dkk. 1976. Berita Penelitian Arkeologi No. 4, Survei Sumatera Utara. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Jakarta Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Utomo, Bambang Budi. 2007. Prasasti-Prasasti Sumatra. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional.
Westenberg, C.J. 1891. “Nota over de onafhankelihke Bataklanden.” TBG XXXIV: 105-16.
Wibisono, Sonny. 1981. Tembikar Kota Cina: Sebuah analisis hasil penggalian tahun 1979 di Sumatera Utara. Skripsi pada Universitas Indonesia Jakarta.
Wolters, O.W. 1967. Early Indonesian Commerce: a study on the Origin of Srivijaya. Ithaca: Cornell Unioversity Press.